Below is a guest post by Kathryn Norlock (Trent University). 

I have long believed the conventional wisdom that women are not proportionately distributed through every subfield in philosophy.  In my field of theoretical ethics, in particular, it is often said that more women in philosophy seem to be found here than are in the profession more widely. 

I believe it a little less today, though it may still turn out to be true.  Trent University student Cole Murdoch undertook a short summer research project for me, looking at the ratio of male to female authors in two leading journals of moral philosophy.  

Although we've still data to wade through, it is interesting to me that in looking at a five-year window of publications in Ethics and Journal of Moral Philosophy, the student did not find that women-authored articles appeared in much greater numbers than our number in the profession.  I tasked him with this merely to find out who and what the journals in my field publish, for self-interested reasons, but I also expected that, as we regularly hear women in philosophy disproportionately specialize in ethics, he'd find much more parity in JMP and Ethics, or at least, higher numbers of women's names than one might find in the profession. [see below for a report of the analysis]

Preliminary Project Report

Cole Murdoch (Trent University), for Prof. Kathryn Norlock (Trent University)

Journal of Moral Philosophy

Reviewing Journal of Moral Philosophy’s publications between 2009 and 2014, there is an overwhelming presence of male authorship in the chosen literature. Of the 262 titles since 2009 that were inspected, 144 appear to be articles, and the remaining 118 seem to be book reviews. Authors coded as male appear 127 times as authors of articles, and 96 times as authors of book reviews (note that some articles had more than one author). Male-coded authors account for 82.5% of authors of all articles inspected, and 85% of book review authors; male authors seem to be 83.5% of all 267 authors of all inspected titles including book reviews.

Authors coded as female appear as authors of 26 articles, or 17.5% of all authors of the articles inspected.  Female-coded authors also appear for 18 book reviews (15% of book reviews).  In total, female authors appear to be sources of 44 articles and book reviews, accounting for almost 17% of all publications.

Interestingly, the University of Sheffield and Cambridge University were among the most common institutional author-affiliations.

Ethics

Reviewing the journal’s publications between 2009 and 2014, Ethics has, similarly, an unbalanced gender division in its publications. Cole Murdoch inspected 386 articles and book reviews since 2009, including 105 articles and 256 book reviews.

Authors coded as male seem to be 94 of the authors of articles, or 80% of all authors of inspected articles (note that some articles had more than one author).

Female-coded authors seem to appear under 24 titles of articles, or 20% of all authors of inspected articles (note that some articles had more than one author).

While this journal appeared more institutionally diverse than JMP, Georgetown was the most frequently occurring institution. 

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12 responses to “Gender ratios of papers published in Ethics and the Journal of Moral Philosophy”

  1. Eric Schwitzgebel Avatar

    Very interesting! I have some data that seem to support the conventional wisdom, here:
    http://schwitzsplinters.blogspot.com/2014/08/citation-of-women-and-ethnic-minorities.html
    and here:
    http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~eschwitz/SchwitzAbs/EthSelfRep.htm
    If the pattern you find holds across ethics journals generally, and if my data are not misleading in some way, then there are various ways in which your and my findings can be reconciled — most of which reflect poorly on the treatment of women in the profession, I’m inclined to think.

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  2. Kate Norlock Avatar
    Kate Norlock

    Yes, Eric Schwitzgebel, I read your post with high interest when it came out! (This is a good opportunity for me to thank you for doing philosophers yet another service: Thanks heaps.)
    I have funds to send future students on more research studies, and I too would like to know if there are patterns. There may not be, in truth, and I am avoiding speculation on the reasons as yet. But I admit, I thought Cole would report something closer to 30% or, dare I say, even higher. I don’t think this disproves that women may be more prevalent in ethics than in other subfields. It does reinforce my concern, as I said at the Eastern APA session, that anonymous review is assumed to be a gold standard, but does not prevent us from expecting our anonymized works to sound exactly as we are primed to expect them to sound, alas.

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  3. Helen De Cruz Avatar

    Thank you, also to Cole Murdoch, for this important work. I’m intrigued about the connection between prestige of journal and percentage of female philosophers who are published in such journals. We learned that dialectica accepts a slightly higher percentage of papers from women compared to men who submit, but still, the overall percentage is very low. Ethics is one of the most prestigious journals in our field (and it is a speciality journal, so it is rather unique in that respect as the “top” journals of our field, in terms of prestige, tend to be general. So I am wondering about whether the fact that both journals are prestigious could contribute to the low percentage of women writing in it.
    In order to know about this, it would be useful to look at percentages of female authors (an approximate measure, as we will have to code by names and associated gender) in philosophy journals. Would it be the case that this percentage is lower in prestigious journals than in non-prestigious journals (purely eyeballing, this seems to be the case, but I don’t know if anyone crunched the numbers). And what factors might contribute to this? For instance, even if there is triple-anonymous refereeing it could be that male grad students and early-career PhDs are more actively mentored and coached to write in the top journals.

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  4. Enzo Rossi Avatar

    Interesting. Do we have data about the gender of submitting authors? Does the percentage of women decrease between submissions and acceptance? I’ve seen a study somewhere showing that women were more likely to be desk-rejected (can’t remember what field).
    Also, is either of those journals triple-blind? At the European Journal of Political Theory, which I just started co-editing, we introduced triple-blind review, meaning that the editors don’t know the identity of submitting authors. We intend to collect gender and ethnicity data to see if publication patterns change.

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  5. Sandrine Berges Avatar

    Interestingly, the editor of JMP (which although a decent journal is not as prestigious as Ethics) once recommended it as a feminist friendly place to publish : https://feministphilosophers.wordpress.com/2011/01/04/feminist-friendly-journals/

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  6. Shen-yi Liao Avatar

    Thanks for the data!
    I found it somewhat surprising that Ethics, which is based at Georgetown, features Georgetown as the most frequently-occurring author affiliation. Was the data scraping done manually? Could it be possible that some other affiliation information got in, if the procedure is mechanical?

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  7. Mark Avatar
    Mark

    It is probably not a mistake. I was book review editor at Ethics during roughly the time period considered here, and I think that something like seven of those 250-odd book reviews were by either me (which I had agreed to before I started at BRE) or by my Georgetown (either philosophy or law) colleagues.

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  8. Jamie Dreier Avatar

    ETHICS is triple-blind.

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  9. Carolyn Dicey Jennings Avatar

    You may know about Haslanger’s work on this (http://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/papers/HaslangerWomeninPhil07.pdf), but she found that Ethics did best of the “top” journals in terms of percentage of accepted papers by women authors from 2002 to 2007 (19.3%), but that the numbers were higher for lower ranked journals (such as Mind and Language: 26.5%).

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  10. Carolyn Dicey Jennings Avatar

    Very interesting to hear these ideas, and I would love to hear about follow-up studies and/or attempts to explain the data. I would add that I found something similar to Eric here: http://www.newappsblog.com/2014/04/the-gourmet-ranking-and-women-philosophers.html

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  11. Eric Schwitzgebel Avatar

    Carolyn, let me apologize for neglecting to link to your interesting data on this from earlier this year!
    I’d definitely be interested to see the results of a more thorough study of this phenomenon — and I’m sure many others would be, too. Kate, I’m glad to hear that you have funds that you can use for this.
    It seems to me that philosophy is such an outlier discipline in this regard, among the humanities and social sciences, that there should be general sociological interest in it as a case study. Why has it gone such a different path than English, psychology, etc.? I refuse to believe that it is somehow an inherently “macho” discipline.

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  12. Thom Brooks Avatar
    Thom Brooks

    As former editor of the JMP, I would refer readers to my piece a few years back in the APA Newsletter on women and philosophy on this topic. Furthermore, I think you’ll find the Cambridge and Sheffield affiliations only a factor for the – not peer reviewed – book reviews only.

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