After a recent move and going through my storage facility, I came across the following memo (below the fold–click to enlarge) among some of my late mother’s things.   The date is February 19th, 1958, and the author is Nobel Prize winner Polykarp Kush.  My mother was then a graduate student in Physics at Columbia University.  Do read it for yourself in all its blue mimeographed glory, but the money line is, of course, “If your personal lives are of such complexity that they require a continuing contact with family and friends in time that should be devoted to a serious concern with physics, I very much doubt that you have the makings of a good physicist.”  I heard my mother joke about seeing this memo posted in her lab at least a half-dozen times, but I never knew she kept a copy of the memo for fifty years!  She left physics with a Masters degree and returned to graduate school to get her PhD in data analysis in the late 70s.  She always told the memo-story as if it were a knee-slapper (“Physicists in those days were such characters!”) and she never really mentioned the climate for women as a reason why she left Physics.

Kush

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4 responses to “Time capsule from 1958: Women in Physics”

  1. Catarina Dutilh Novaes Avatar

    Hi Eric, thanks for the time travel! Although nothing is explicitly said about women vs. men, it is easy to read that off from the idea that anyone having caring responsibilities and an active family life is not suitable for physics. This was the time when women who excelled in the sciences had to choose between having a family and their work as scientists; having both was out of the question (e.g. Rosalind Franklin).
    However, I’m not sure things are that different these days, even if saying it explicitly as in this memo is no longer as acceptable. The ‘myth’ that physicists (and scientists in general) don’t have much of a life is still what fuels ‘Big bang theory’ for example…

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  2. Eric Winsberg Avatar

    Hi Katarina. No disagreement here. I think there are mainly two things that have changed (well, three if you count the fact that no one needs to use the lab phone anymore!)
    The first is what makes time travel to the 50s so useful: people back then spoke candidly about these sorts of things and didn’t think twice about putting them in a memo for all to read. Most of what Americans have learned about race and sex since the 50s is how to speak more carefully. So documents from the 1950s and earlier give you a window into what people actually think.
    The second is the part I find most fascinating. As I said, I heard my mother tell the story about this memo many times. But she never said out loud that it was a story about being a woman in physics. On the other hand, I doubt it is a co-incidence that it was a woman who saved the memo for 50 years.

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  3. Neil Levy Avatar
    Neil Levy

    Do you really believe that “Most of what Americans have learned about race and sex since the 50s is how to speak more carefully”? Surely there has been genuine progress in attitudes, especially with regard to race. I suspect that people – typically – don’t think these things any more: rather, they think other things that entail them, or have habits and dispositions that function in the same manner (of course there are still many people who do have these thoughts, but they are surely less common now than then). The empirical literature on implicit bias, depressing though it is, suggests that even implicit bias has declined. At least, that’s a plausible reading of it, if we assume that implicit bias was near universal 5 decades ago.

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  4. Eric Winsberg Avatar

    Hi Neil. I was definitely being a bit hyperbolic. I guess I meant to signal this, which I took to be a point of agreement with Catarina. When one sees a certain kind of remark being made about sex or race in the 1950s that would no longer be made today, it’s not a bad heuristic to assume, ceteris paribus, that it’s a change in norms of acceptable speech that have changed, rather than a genuine change in attitude.

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